Thursday, September 20, 2018
Earth internal structure
Earth internal structure
Earth Size:
The shape of the earth
is oval. Because of the rotation, the earth is clogged in the geographic axis
and appears to be emerging around the equator. The diameter of the Earth at the
equator is 43 kilometers more than the axis-to-axis diameter. Thus, the longest
distance of the surface from the center of the Earth is only up to the summit
of equatorial Chimborazo volcano of Ecuador.
Thus the average
diameter of Earth is 12,742 kilometers. The topography of many places is
different from this ideal scale, although on the global scale, it is seen that
the radius of the Earth is seen to be unseen. The highest deviation is in
Marine Trough of 0.17%, whereas Mt. Everest represents a deviation of 0.14%.
If the earth shrinks
in the shape of a billiard ball, then some areas of the earth, such as large
mountain ranges and ocean trenches, will feel similar to small flaws, whereas
most of the planets of the planet, such as the vast green plains and dry
plates, will look so smooth.
chemical composition :
Many elements have contributed
in the creation of the earth. Iron composition consists of 34.6% iron, oxygen
29.5%, silicon 15.2%, magnesium 12.7%, nickel 2.4%, sulfur 1.9%, titanium
0.05%, and the rest of the remaining elements. Earth's density is the highest
in the whole of the solar system. The structure of the rest of the rocky planet
is similar to the Earth with some differences.
The center of the moon
is small, the center of Mercury is larger than its total size; Mars and Moon's
mantle is somewhat thick, there is no chemically different crust from the Moon
and Mercury, only the interior of the Earth and the external mantle layer are
different.
internal structure :
The inner structure of
the earth is in the shape of layers, such as onion peels, in the form of
layers. The thickness of these layers can be demarcated depending on the
chemical characteristics and mechanical characteristics. Based on mechanical
symptoms, the earth, the lighthouse, the weakness board, the central cover, the
external entity and the internal element.
On the basis of
chemical composition it is divided into the horizontal, upper cover, lower
cover, outer core and internal constituents. The upper layer of the earth is a
solid layer of the horizontal layer, the intermediate cover is a very thick
layer and the outer core liquid and the internal element are in solid state.
The radius of the internal entity is about one-fifth of the radius of the
Earth.
This layered structure
of the innermost in the Earth is based on the movement of seismic waves and its
reflection and repatriation, which is done by earthquake data. The primary and
secondary waves generated by the earthquake are reversed according to Snell's
law within the Earth and move on the curved path.
When there is a sudden
change in the density or chemical structure between the two layers, some energy
of the waves becomes reflected from there. Such places are called cracks in
between layers. The sources of information about the internal structure of the
layers can be divided into two parts.
Direct sources such as
the study of substances derived from volcanoes, data obtained from drilling,
etc. can provide information only to a lesser extent. On the other hand, the
study of seismic waves as an indirect source gives information about the
characteristics of the more depth.
Heat in the Earth:
The internal heat of
the Earth comes from the combination of residual heat, heat is generated
through the increase in planets and through radioactive decay. The major
thermal producing isotopes in the earth include Potassium-40, Uranium-238 and
Thorium-232. The temperature of the Earth's center can be up to 6000 degrees
Celsius and pressure can reach 360 GPA.
Because most heat is
produced by radioactive decay, scientists believe that before the end of the isotopes of less or half life in the
beginning of Earth's history, the heat produced of the Earth was very high. On
average, the heat loss of Earth is 87 MW M 2, the same global heat loss is 4.42
× 1013 W.
One part of the
thermal energy of the core is taken to mating by mantle plumes, these plumes
form strong energy and asymmetrical floods. The last major medium of hematoma
is through circulation from the lithosphere, most of which is below the oceans,
because here the earth crust is much thinner than the continents.
Tectonic plates:
The hard crust of the
earth is divided into a few solid plato which flows freely on the lower liquid
mantle, which are called tectonic plates. These plates are like a hard segment
which crosses each other from the three types of boundaries - the convergence
limitations on which two plates come together, the different boundaries on
which two plates are separated and changing the boundaries in which two Plates
slide up and down each other.
On these plate
boundaries, earthquake, volcanic activity, mountain formation and aquatic
trench can be formed. As the tectonic plates move, the ocean layer on the
convergence boundaries decreases under the edges. At the same time, the mantle
material, trying to come up from different boundaries, raises the uprising in
the middle-sea.
With the combination
of these processes the sea layer is recycled in the mantle again. Because of
the same recycling, most of the sea layer is less than 100 megos. The oldest
sea level is located in the Western Pacific Sea, which has an estimated age of
200 megawatts.
Currently 8 major
plates:
1. North American
Plate - North American, Western North Atlantic and Greenland
South American Plate -
South America and Western South Atlantic
Antarctic Plate -
Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
4. Eurasian Plate -
Asia other than Eastern North Atlantic, Europe and India
5. African Plate -
Africa, Eastern South Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean
6. Indo-Australian
Plate - Most of India, Australia, New Zealand and Indian Ocean
7. Nazca Plate - South
America adjacent to the Eastern Pacific Ocean
8. Pacific Plate -
Most of the Pacific Ocean
Australia Plate 50 to
55 million years ago, joined the Indian plate. The fastest growing plates have
ocean plates in which the Cocos plate is growing at a rate of 75 mm / year and
the same Pacific plate is moving at a rate of 52 to 69 mm / year. On the other
hand, the slowest moving plate is the Eurasian Plate which is growing at a
specific rate of 21 mm / year.
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